When used correctly and in a normal shaped ear foam plugs are 30 ish protection. When used without instructions, yes they are only on average 15 db of protection. I have read white papers on this. The most notable is from the Australian military. After training, they improved to mid 20’s If I remember correctly. Note that the 33 nrr is based on experimenter fit. That means the person doing the test made sure the plugs fit correctly before testing. this is why osha derates all hpds by 50% for real world protection. If you conduct user fit tests, you can use the actual nrr rating. Most do not do that style of test as they test much lower. We did do this testing for our custom plugs and got mid 20’s.If you believe 33 nrr foam plugs are only good to 15, everything you say makes perfect sense. As someone who's damn good at using them, I'd say it's a tad presumptuous to state unequivocally that 33nrr foam plugs only count to 15.
I get where you are coming from, but I don't think I'd agree to your degree of certainty that you can't get a braked 308 at 165db under 140 with foam plugs.
an easy way to verify your effectiveness, put in plugs and then have someone talk to you. If you can understand them clearly, you are not getting 30 db of protection. also look at yourself in a mirror. If you can see the plugs from the front, they probably are not working.
from my own testing, I tested fully inserted foam plugs, 30+ protection, pulled them out just a little and they dropped to 10-15 db of protection. For me to get full protection, you almost need tweezers to get them out.
don’t even get me started on the mold your own type of plugs. Imho these are criminal. There is no way I could make my own plugs to even get close to 20db of protection.