Almost hate to post this, as I'm sure someone will have a wisenheimer something to say about it.
First of all, I look at herd management. The conclusion I came to along time ago is that there really are not any herds that are managed at carrying capacity, they're managed for "objectives". Objectives and carrying capacity have NOTHING in common. In almost every case, herd objectives have everything to do with politics and landowner tolerance over anything close to actual carrying capacity.
I've worked and hunted a fair bit in 8-10 states the last 30 years. What I don't often see is habitat degradation due to wild ungulate populations. Have I seen it? Yes, usually in very local areas, but very rare.
So, when I have doe/cow tags, I try really hard to NEVER kill a doe with a fawn or a cow with a calf.
Hunters often make the claim that hunting is supposed to be about taking the "surplus". I try to do that very thing by taking the unproductive and older cows/does.
The reasons I do that are:
1. The "surplus" in a herd are NOT the healthiest young-middle aged animals. Those animals are the ones most likely to be survive a harsh winter, are in excellent health, and should have the opportunity to reproduce.
2. The surplus animals I look for are the ones that are older, least likely to survive the winter, meaning primarily the oldest or the youngest in the herd. I shy away from shooting fawns and calves, but will do it if I feel the upcoming winter or range conditions may not be that great and there's a good chance they wont make it.
So what I primarily look for are older does, older cows and try really hard to never shoot a doe/cow that has a fawn/calf. It's really not that hard to recognize when you're looking at an older cow or to recognize they likely don't have a calf. Same with does that have fawns.
It works about 80-85% of the time if you just take your time and watch a herd of elk or deer for a while. Dry cows are mostly out away from other elk, earlier in the year dry cows with be with a herd of raghorn bulls at times, cows with calves in early seasons, the calves are usually right close to their mothers, body size, physical condition etc.
The last 12 cows I've killed 11 were dry, most of them over 8 years old, some much older than that. Doesnt always work and I didnt always pay that kind of attention in the past. I get fooled once in a while, but not often.
Do the same with deer and pronghorn too.
The last cow/does I want to kill are the most productive, MY goal is to not reduce the productivity of a herd, its to take the surplus.
I don't care if others are less selective or not...but I like to think about what I'm doing when I press a trigger and how its impacting the wildlife.