I've been doing a lot of reading and studying on this myself lately. I came to the conclusion that inside 300 yards for North American game that I will likely hunt, the .308 was best. Might be influenced by the fact that I already have one or two and have shot tons of it, so I really don't want to start a new caliber ammo collection unless I have to. If I knew I was hunting Moose or Grizzly, I might pick something else. .338-06 or .338WM or .300WM were on my mind for that.
Not enough trajectory difference inside 300 to persuade me otherwise, and it carries enough energy to be effective on most big game, in theory. Others seem to have said the same, with more real world experience. Can't say it would be my first choice on a grizzly hunt, but I may never hunt grizzly. And for bear defense, I'd just be happy to happen to have a centerfire rifle in my hands, period.
30-06 would be a comparable second choice for me. Second choice because it requires a longer action with longer bolt throw and more weight, for only a small increase in velocity. I have not found 30-06 to be that much more common than .308. Both sell out during a bad election. And for hunts, I bring all I plan to use anyway.
"Short range" for me would be the 45-70. Pretty sure I've read about it taking Buffalo and maybe Elephant, and still can be used appropriately for deer without too much meat damage. A single shot 45-70 qualifies as my "primitive weapon" here in MS, it is fun to hunt with. Barely anything "primitive" about it though.