Excerpts with some Footnote gobbledegook;
DGU estimates vary depending on source and methodology. Studies and surveys between 1990 and 2023 consistently suggest there are between 60,000 and 2.5 million DGUs annually (18-750 uses per 100,000 people).<a href="
https://ammo.com/research/defensive-gun-use-statistics#source-7" data-uw-rm-brl="PR" data-uw-original-href="#source-7">7</a>
A survey-based study published in JAMA Network Open in March, 2025 estimated 489,000 annual DGUs in which a firearm was discharged. These incidents included a defender firing at and/or in the vicinity of a perceived threat.<a href="
https://ammo.com/research/defensive-gun-use-statistics#source-1" data-uw-rm-brl="PR" data-uw-original-href="#source-1">1</a>
Self-reported survey data suggest that an average of 750 people per 100,000 deter or stop a criminal with a firearm annually.<a href="
https://ammo.com/research/defensive-gun-use-statistics#source-16" data-uw-rm-brl="PR" data-uw-original-href="#source-16">16</a>
Crime-based reporting studies suggest that between 18 to 30 people per 100,000 stop a threat and report it to the police annually. These data do not include all DGUs because they are based on reported crimes, and a DGU indicates that a crime was thwarted.<a href="
https://ammo.com/research/defensive-gun-use-statistics#source-3" data-uw-rm-brl="PR" data-uw-original-href="#source-3">3</a>
Polls and self-reporting surveys over the past thirty years range from 1.4 million to 4.3 million DGUs annually. These polls and surveys include respondents' grabbing a firearm due to a perceived threat. These sources include incidents of brandishing, displaying, verbally warning with a gun in hand, or firing a weapon at a potential threat.<a href="
https://ammo.com/research/defensive-gun-use-statistics#source-18" data-uw-rm-brl="PR" data-uw-original-href="#source-18">18</a>
The Gun Violence Archive (GVA) reported 18,414 DGUs (1,534.5 on average per year) between 2014 and 2025. This database uses more than 7,000 publications to identify incidents in which a shot was fired defensively and reported to the police and news outlets.<a href="
https://ammo.com/research/defensive-gun-use-statistics#source-6" data-uw-rm-brl="PR" data-uw-original-href="#source-6">6</a>, <a href="
https://ammo.com/research/defensive-gun-use-statistics#source-15" data-uw-rm-brl="PR" data-uw-original-href="#source-15">15</a>