In a perfect world you are correct. In a world where your kids bullet hits a rib on that cow and bounces at a goofy angle and only hits a lung and you maybe find her 2 miles away the next day. I get not buying your boy a 300 rum but our elk deserves to not be hunted on a this has to be perfect or they suffer situation.
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Elk get wounded all the time by "elk cartridges" due to poor shot placement, improper bullet selection, deflection by vegetation, etc. Shot placement is paramount, followed by bullet construction. Headstamp and velocity don't have much to do with killing elk in my experience. Bullet penetration and expansion/wide meplat does. My 45 ACP with 255 hard cast that I carry for bear protection would easily kill an elk within its effective range (just wouldn't be legal in CO, of course).
I watched my friend shoot a cow at 80 yards on private land with my 300 Win pushing a 178 Amax @ 3k fps. An aquaintance of mine successfully killed a bull at 500 yards with the same load, so I assumed it would work on a cow no problem. My friend hit her perfectly with a broadside shot and the bullet barely penetrated the near lung after exploding on the entry rib. We recovered the cow but the bullet failure left an impression.
Every time a trigger is pulled while hunting there is a risk of wounding/losing a game animal. Anyone who hunts long enough experiences this and it sucks for the hunter emotionally. And the animal suffers like all prey animals do in the wild eventually. And their carcass doesn't go to waste. Any nearby predators/scavengers put it to good use.
My son will learn all this by hunting like the rest of us did. And shot placement, which is #1, will be ensured with a rifle he enjoys practicing with and can shoot accurately. Cows have far less shoulder mass than bulls, of course, which should stack the odds in his favor if shot placement is further forward than intended.
Most folks who truly care about what elk deserve are anti-hunting conservationists. And most elk who die in the wild die slowly and cruelly from either apex predators hunting them or coyotes taking advantage of a downed elk that is sick/injured/old. Let's not kid ourselves about the circle of life and how our sport hunting interfaces with it.