Longest first shot on a live bull for me was 68 yds, 45°, quartering away. He turned slightly away to leave as I released. Arrow entered just in front of his hind quarter and buried to the fletches, taking out the liver, one lung and diaphragm on the way. 80 yd recovery.
My longest follow up shot on a bull was 82 yds. The first shot hit near the bottom of the heart but didn’t get good penetration. The follow up shot took him down.
These days, I don’t bother practicing under 60 yds except when I’m tuning. All of my practice is from 70-110 yds at a full size 2D elk target. I stopped shooting dots and I stopped worrying about group size as my POA varies slightly with each shot on a target like that as there’s no “bullseye”. I’m judging my 5 arrow “groups” based on the percentage that are in the vitals, not the spread. Practicing at longer distance reveals flaws in form and equipment that are almost imperceptible at 40yds and under.
The last few years I’ve really been focused on shooting at long distance in the wind whenever possible , up to about 20mph. The biggest lesson I have learned with those sessions is that wind is not as big a factor as I assumed. I place streamers of flagging every 20 yds or so down range and have noticed that with trees and brush affecting the wind at various distances along the arrows flight path, the wind direction is not constant at all. There are spots with a true crosswind, spots where there are air current “eddies” around trees and sometimes the wind is blowing in a completely different direction at the target 100 yds away from me. The biggest effect of wind is actually on your bow itself as you try to hold it steady against it. Lesson : if you’re going to shoot in the wind, get a wind block so your bow arm doesn’t get buffeted. Would I ever take a first shot at 100yd in 20mph gusty wind at an elk ? Hell no. But will I take a follow up shot on an already hit bull at that distance? 100%
Do I miss the vitals sometimes at these long distances? Yes. But through practice I have been able to get proficient at hitting center mass 100% of the time at 100+ yds. And 70-80% are in the vitals, depending on the day. My POA in general has changed and my POA for those long follow up shots is different than where I aim for a close up slam dunk shot.
So what’s the point of all that long range practice- to shoot elk as far away as possible ? No. It’s to be very proficient in follow up shots, which is invaluable IMHO. If I already have an arrow in an animal, good or bad, I’m taking every opportunity for a follow up shot out to 120 and I’m shooting into the elk goes down or leaves my sight and I don’t care if that follow up is a liver shot, heart shot, gut shot, or even a back leg. More holes is more holes to bleed out of at that point and aids in tracking and recovery. My point is, don’t build your whole mindset around what your “effective range” is on your first shot. Make your effective range as long as you’re capable of and then use good judgement on what shots you actually take. There are plenty of shots inside 40 that I’ll pass on if it’s not right and there are shots significantly farther that I’ll take if all conditions are right.