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Care of Ground News;
Earliest Direct Evidence of Poisoned Arrows Revealed in 60,000-Year-Old Relics
Chemical analysis of 60,000-year-old quartz arrowheads reveals use of plant-derived poisons to increase hunting efficiency, evidencing advanced cognitive skills in early humans.
- At Umhlatuzana Rock Shelter, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, researchers identified traces of plant-derived poison on quartz microlith arrowheads dating to roughly 60,000 years ago.
- Archaeologists suspected older poison use because bone and stone arrowheads resembled poisoned examples, while the earliest direct evidence came from bone arrowheads in an Egyptian tomb dated little more than 4,000 years and Kruger Cave arrowheads around 6,800 years ago.
- Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, the team found buphandrine on five of ten microliths and epibuphanisine on one, both toxic plant alkaloids.
- Researchers argue poisoned arrows indicate advanced planning, botanical knowledge, and causal reasoning among Stone Age hunter-gatherers in southern Africa, pushing back evidence by tens of thousands of years.
- The team compared prehistoric residues with historical specimens and found the same toxic compounds on four 18th-century arrowheads in Swedish collections and noted Indigenous hunters still use Boophone disticha.