I laugh at the .223 comments. Just because you can, doesn't mean you should. The OP stated that he's never rifle hunted. A lot of practice and precision may work for those used to rifle hunting, but I wouldn't lean on the caliber for an "oh $h!T" shot.
I've rifle hunted since I was 9. I wouldn't use a .243, nor suggest one for a first time user. .270 and up to me.
I think the .308 is a great round and it's what I primarily use. Savage Axis or Ruger American would be my vote depending on budget. I currently have a Browning X-bolt in .308 I won at a DU event.
30-30 Lever action with a 3-9 scope would work well too depending on your shot distances, but not a well rounded caliber if you decide to venture out West or other parts of the deer world with longer shot ranges.
Federal Premium 150 grain Nosler Partitions are lights out of my gun.
Good luck!