Big slow bullets just suck at killing stuff. They make a hole not a soup. I prefer to make soup.
I've probably - by legal necessity - shot 1/3 of the deer I've killed in my life, with muzzleloaders and various other over-.35 bullets. It's incredibly rare for a muzzleloader-shot deer to make it more than 50-60 yards.
I'm guessing that when I say that I'm drawing on 60-70 kills ranging from .45 Colt revolver with 300+ grain bullets at 1100' or so, on up to 300s at 2400'+ or 225s at up to 2600'. Most of those are with smokeless muzzleloaders, of course, but a ton were with 80 grains of Pyrodex back in the day, and a modern 45-70 can easily push those speeds with 300-grain bullets in Marlin or stronger single shot actions.
I will agree that 'hard cast' or heavily jacketed bullets designed for rifles, are poor performers at pistol speeds. The trick, as always, is to match the bullet speed to its construction. A 350-grain 45-70 soft point designed for 2000' will underexpand at 1200' just like a 55 grain 22-250 at 3800' might underpenetrate. To be clear, I'm not advocating for BIG BORE WALLOP here. I am just recognizing that by legal necessity I have to use big bores a lot (because our daylight rut/seeking activity peaks here during MZ season) and they kill stuff quite well.
I wouldn't hesitate to put a hornady .452 250 or 300 XTP through a deer or moose at 1100' to 1400'. And if I could use a Speer Gold Dot I wouldn't hesitate to even drop down to 1000' or possibly even less. Trajectory becomes a problem long before terminal performance does.
(ETA: Also, those Hornady .452/250 XTPs will work very well at even higher speeds. At 1800' or faster they tend to stop making exit wounds, but they still kill very well, and at 2200' they start to resemble modern match bullets that we might shoot at 2500' to 3000' out of smaller bore; nothing will survive a decent hit from one)