Biking can be a deep hole if you want to go down it but you don’t need a $5k triathlon bike to get a good workout. Agree with the 3x mileage mentioned above. when I bike road, i think 10 miles is a good, normal fairly short workout at a 15mph pace. 20-25 is 90 mins for a mid length workout and long is 30-50. Lots of serious road bikers don’t think anything of doing a 3-5 hour weekend ride.
mountain biking is a different animal and your workout is going to depend on terrain and trails.
I have had good luck with Specialized bikes. Good value for the price.
as far as price goes, bikes are kind of like rifles. $500 will get you something that works. $1000 is a pretty good bike. $2000 is more bike than most people will ever need. Beyond that is for true enthusiasts. Most people use the $2k price point as their starting point. A bike at that level should suit you for 10+ years.
as a general rule, frames get stiffer and perform better as you go up the scale to a point. After that, it is mostly weight savings. Components will have a lot to do with function and up to a price point, say $500-1500 or so, that improve at each level. After a certain point, they also get lighter and more elegant but the cost May not be worth it to most and the performance improvements become increasingly marginal. Don’t get me wrong, a $5000 bike will feel and ride better than a $2000 bike And a $15k custom bike even more so, but for most people, they will never be riding at a level that they can utilize that added benefit.
if you end up riding a lot, you either need to learn how to tune them or find a good shop, like bows. Most shops will treat you better if you buy your bike from them.