Best rifle caliber for western hunting?

You definitely need another. I’ve hunted west once for the first time this year. I had a 28 nosler built last year for the purpose. Now I’m having a 300 rum built for the same purpose. On a real note you don’t technically “need” a new one but a new gun I’d never a bad option.
 
Hard to pass on the 300 win mag. I’ve killed 3 Bull Elk, 1 Big Horn Sheep, 3 Mule Deer, 1 Whitetail, and 1 black bear with that caliber. Although recently I’ve made the switch to 7mm Backcountry. The short barrel length was a big draw for me. So far I’ve got one big black bear with it and I am happy with how it performed.
 
Well my old Remington 270 is about to wear a new fast twist barrel, and my new to me tikka 270 is getting a peak 44 stock. So I’m not going to tell you what you should do. 270 is boring because it just flat works.
 
30 06 just to piss everyone off. 300 win mag if you aren’t recoil sensitive.

Personally though I think anything shooting a 7mm/ .284 projectile is the best. You can always suppress or put a brake on whatever you get to make recoil less don’t forget.
 
Well OP, I started elk hunting with a 1903a3 in 30-06 and 356 Winchester M94 Big Bore after my 50th birthday. After that first hunt, I bought a 340 Weatherby and shot my first bull elk with it that next season. I had a new gun and a story for it. Then I got another with it. Then I decided to lighten up, and bought a 7mm PRC a couple of years ago, and shot my third and largest bull with it (7x7). Another gun with some history for me.

Sure, the 30-06 would have been fine up to 400yds with handloads, and the 356 Win is a quick and lethal woods gun. But I just like to buy guns using the excuse of creating their own story. My next one will be a Havak Element or a custom gun in the 300 to 338 flavor. Gonna try moose.

If you want a new gun to write your new adventure story, buy one. Buy a friggin thumper. Eff it.
 
So...if you spend much time here, reading tons of personal accounts and people's combined experiences and wisdom, you'll see a pretty clear trend and pattern, along with a lot of personal evolutions that didn't start this way:

1) The more someone shoots, especially along a dedicated training path, the less cartridge-choice matters
2) The less recoil a gun-cartridge combo has, the more someone will shoot and practice with it
3) The cheaper the ammo, the more someone shoots & practices
4) The more someone shoots, especially in field-realistic training scenarios, the more they realize lower-recoiling setups just shoot better for them, and the more they want to shoot
5) Everything in North America has been killed with .223 and 6mm bullets, but tipped "match" bullets seem to be the most effective
6) The more you like your gun, the more you'll shoot with it.

Bottom line: if you have a new gun in mind that really rings your bell, get one in a chambering that's cheap to feed it and lower-recoiling, and shoot the hell out of it. Because you'll enjoy it, and be better for it.ju
Just nailed it with this take
 
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