OP here again. Thanks all for these replies.
My takeaway here—and from my own still early experiences (with bow and rifle now)—is that my premise was maybe a false one. It’s not a question of more or less lethal instruments: it’s a question of more or less lethal shots, as someone very proficient with a bow at close range can kill a deer as quickly and effectively as someone proficient with a rifle. It’s a question of knowing your weapon, its capabilities, and your own skill. I can see how the hunt is more exhilarating and harder when using a weapon with a more limited range—one that’s less forgiving and requires better craft and knowledge of the hunter.
When I talk with non-hunters, I notice this is one aspect of what we do that they struggle with. Their logic being: if we’re really after ethical meat, why not use only the most powerful and precise weapons? Why should a hunter’s “enjoyment” factor in when we’re talking about killing animals? (Does anyone care whether a slaughterhouse worker enjoys killing cattle?) Once we start factoring in our own feelings (enjoyment, adrenaline, feeling connected to nature/the past, etc) as hunters, aren’t we all saying that, on some level, we’re all (the much dreaded) “trophy hunters”?—the trophy being the experience for us, if not an actual physical trophy? Shouldn’t it be about harvesting an animal as painlessly as possible and nothing else?
Of course I get it. But I’m in MD, and work with 99% non-hunters, many of whom have questions, hence my annoyingly academic interest in thinking this through as a discussion point and wanting as many points of view as possible. None of them are really skeptical or aggressive about it—just curious and confused. So I’m trying to be a good, well-informed ambassador. (Two of my friends have already expressed some interest in learning to hunt after talking to me.)