Advertising bugle, challenge bugle, chuckles, glunking, growls, panting, nervous grunts, roundup bugle, location bugle, lip bawl bugle, alarm barks and just regular mewing, are all made by bulls. Most are pretty self explanatory, cows have a slew of different mews they use for different situations as well.
These can all be tough to decipher without lots of experience with elk, which is one reason a lot of hunters out there bugling either educate elk or never get responses. One of my favorites to hear is glunking, it usually means you’re right on top of them and that bull has a cow in estrus but doesn’t want to be loud with bugling.
I learned a lot of this from Elknut, and when I began learning about all these different bugles I spent a lot more time in the woods just listening to elk vs trying to call them all the time. Elknut has a great app that can get you started with all these sounds but does take time to recognize them in the field.
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