Grouse shotgun/shell choice

How are you going to hunt them? Are you walking logging roads and shooting off the ground? Are you shooting on the wing?

My default answer would either be a .22lr target pistol or a 20 gauge depending on the above.

I personally dislike a 410 for anything on the wing.
 
The 12 or 20 gauge I am happy to use whatever sporting clays loads I have left over until most of the leaves drop, but we only have ruffed and spruce grouse provided lead is legal. Roughly 1 ounce of lead number 6 and either improved cylinder or modified choke is my preference for.
I shoot a lot of steel at grouse cause a couple of my favorite spots also provide the opportunity to jump waterfowl and one area mandates non toxic. I'm pretty happy with any load of ¾ to 1 ⅛ ounce of steel 5 or 6 shot with a muzzle velocity of 1400 or so fps, larger shot if pheasants or waterfowl are more likely.
I'm not fond of the .410 for grouse as it's small payload and typically tight choking makes effective wing shooting particularly hard. It's great option for any who are skilled enough or mostly take shots at birds on the ground or in trees.
 
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